10.1016/S0165-0270(00)00179-5 214 RahmanI.KodeA.BiswasS
Parkinsonism-inducing neurotoxin,N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine:uptake of the metaboliteN-methyl-4-phenylpyridine by dopamine neurons explain selective toxicity
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Intestinal malabsorption (Crohns disease, coeliac disease, infections, or surgery)
Minocycline has been shown to inhibit microglial activation, reduce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and protect neurons from oxidative damage (Abdo Qaid et al., 2024)
First-line management includes drinking 1.52 litres of fluids daily, using paracetamol (maximum 4 g daily) or ibuprofen (maximum 1.2 g daily for over-the-counter use) as appropriate, and resting in a quiet environment