These small (12 kDa) redox enzymes catalyse not only the reduction of disulfides, but also the reduction of mixed disulfides, in a process called deglutathionylation
For practical dose context, our How Much Liposomal Glutathione Should I Take
That means you dont have to worry about whether the antioxidant is being absorbed, because youre doing the hard work for it to begin with
Gene Expression Modulation by GHK-Cu: An Epigenetic Perspective
(Kind of a big deal!) And if you have a deficiency, taking B12 pills or getting a B12 shot are both legit ways to up those B12 levels
Along with the fully updated list, WADA also released their 2025 Summary of Major Modifications and Explanatory Notes, which focuses specifically on the changes between the 2024 and 2025 lists