Most cytokines and their receptors are expressed by neurons and glial cells throughout development, and several studies have revealed that cytokines play important roles in neurogenesis, synapse formation, and plasticity, including IL-1, IL-6, TNF-, TGF-1 and IFN 326,327,328,329,330,331 Cytokines activate several signal transduction pathways, including the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activation of transcription (JAK-STAT) and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways, which regulate numerous cellular responses
2021;372(6547):1224 to 1229
Maccari F, Arseni A, Chiodi P, Ramacci MT, Angelucci L: Levels of carnitines in brain and other tissues of rats of different ages: effect of acetyl-L-carnitine administration
Interfaces 14, 4415844172
Citrus fruits, nuts, seeds, and leafy greens are great sources of these vitamins
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