3 Conclusion Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is an umbrella term that contains oxygen radicals and non-radical compounds such as hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), hydroxyl radicals, lipid radicals, and (phosphorus) lipid hydroperoxides (Liu et al., 2022)
In the heart, ROS generation arises primarily from mitochondrial dysfunction during ischemia and heart failure, with additional contributions from NADPH oxidase (NOX2/NOX4) and xanthine oxidase pathways, promoting cardiomyocyte injury and fibrosis (60, 61)
In 2022, May et al
Apps providing cognitive behavioral therapy exercises, mood tracking, and mindfulness training support ongoing treatment between sessions
Aids in weight management by preventing the storage of excess fat
Repair restores homeostatic signaling